Environmental Prices and Energy Efficiency of Mandarin (Citrus Reticulata) Production: A Case Study of Hatay Province Turkey

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to determined environmental prices and energy efficiency for mandarin (Citrus reticulata) production in Hatay province of Turkey. This study was performed for 2019 production season in Arsuz, Erzin, Dortyol and Samandag towns in Hatay province of Turkey. The data provided from study were collected from 78 different mandarin productioner by using a face to face questionnaire method. Environmental prices were calculated depent with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of agricultural inputs. Also, the agricultural input values, input energies and output values, output energies used in mandarin production were calculated to detetthine the energy efficiency. According to the study findings, the environmental prices in mandarin production was calculated as 430.11 ha(-1). Total GHG emission was calculated as 7545.87 kgCO(2-q) ha(-1) for mandarin production with the greatest portions for electricity usage (39.42%). The electricity usage followed up nitrogen fertilizer (17.67%), water consumption of irrigation (14.49%), human labour (6.88%), diesel fuel consumption (4.96%), phosphate fertilizer usage (4.77%), machine usage (2.66%), fatutyard manure usage (2.64%), potassium fertilizer usage (2.07%), herbicides usage (1.71%), fungicides usage (1.60%) and insecticides usage (1.14%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.23 kgCO(2-eq) kg(-1). Energy efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 0.98, 1.73 MJ kg(-1), 0.58 kg MJ(-1) and -1134.65 MJ ha(-1).